The Parker Family of Liberia Family Tree Descendants

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A record of major migrations of African Americans and precipitating events.

American Revolution [edit | edit source]

American slaves migrated to Canada in search of liberty later the American Revolution See: Africans in Canada

Emigration to Canada [edit | edit source]

• Benjamin Drew. A n-side view of slavery : the refugee, or, The narratives of avoiding slaves in Canada related by themselves, with an account of the history and condition of the colored population of Upper Canada. Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1856. Digital Book
• George Hendrick. Blackness refugees in Canada : accounts of escape during the era of slavery. Jefferson, McFarland & Co., 2010. FHL 971 H6h
• S.G. Howe. The Refugees from Slavery in Canada Westward. Study to the Freedmen's Enquiry Commission. Boston: Wright & Potter, printers, 1864.
• Freedmen'southward Inquiry Commission
• Adrienne Shadd, Afua Cooper, Karolyn Smardz Fros. The underground railroad : next stop, *Toronto! Toronto, Ontario : Natural Heritage Books, c2002. FHL 971.3541 F2sa

Underground Railroad [edit | edit source]

• Hole-and-corner Railroad National Historical Park - Selected Routes of the Secret Railroad. NAID 33754822 - National Archives
• National Scenic Byway- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad (Maryland) NAID 68886418 - National Archives
• Freedom on the Move. A database of fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University
• William Still.The underground rail road : a record of facts, authentic narratives, messages, &c., narrating the hardships, hair-breadth escapes, and expiry struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom, equally related by themselves and others or witnessed by the author : together with sketches of some of the largest stockholders and most liberal aiders and advisers of the road. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.

Nework to Freedom - National Park Service [edit | edit source]

• Network to Liberty - Index
• Undercover Timeline
• Clandestine Railroad Map
• People,Places,Stories
• Underground Railroad Terminology

• Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad - National Historical Park Maryland

Reference Sources

• J. Blaine Hudson. Encyclopedia of the underground railroad Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Co., 2006. FHL 973 H26hj
• Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed president of the underground railroad : existence a brief history of the labors of a lifetime in behalf of the slave, with the stories of numerous fugitives, who gained their liberty through his instrumentality, and many other incidents. Cincinnati, Ohio : Western Tract Order, 1876
• Larry Gara. The liberty line : the legend of the Underground Railroad.Lexington, Kentucky : University of Kentucky Printing, 1961. FHL973 F2ag
• William Still. The Underground railroad reprint of 1871 ed. New York, New York : Arno Printing, 1968. FHL 973 F2asL
• Wilbur H. Siebert. The Underground railroad from slavery to liberty. reprint of 1898 ed. North Stratford, New Hampshire : Ayer Pub. Co., 2000. FHL 973 F2siw
• Peter hinks and John McKivigan, eds., R. Owen Williams, assistant Ed., Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007. FHL 326.803 H593e vols. 1-two

State and Local Source

Commune of Columbia

• Jerry Grand. Hynson. District of Columbia D.C. Department of Corrections delinquent slave volume, 1848-1863 : U.South. District Court for the District of Columbia fugitive slave cases, 1862-1863.Westminster, Maryland : Willow Bend Books,1999. FHL975.3 F2hj

Illinois

• Glennette Tilley Turnr. " The Hush-hush Railroad in Illinois." Glen Ellyn, Illinois: Newman Educational Pub., 2001. FHL 977.three H2tg
• Owen W. Muelder. " The Underground Railroad in western Illinois." Jefferson, Northward Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2008. FHL 977.three H2mo

Kentucky

• J. Blaine Hudson. " Fugitive Slaves and the surreptitious railroad in the Kentucky borderland." Jefferson,North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2002. FHL 976.9 F2h

New Jersey

• Emma Marie Trusty. "The Underground railroad: ties that bound unveiled ; a history of the underground railroad in southern New Jersey from 1770 to 1861."Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Amed Literary Inc, 1999. FHL 974.nine F2te

New York

• Tom Calarco. The surreptitious railroad in the Adirondack region.Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, [2011?, ©2004. FHL 974.75 H6c]
• Emerson Klees. Cloak-and-dagger railroad tales with routes through the Finger Lakes region. Rochester, New York : Friends of the Finger Lakes Pub., c1997. FHL 974.78 H2k
• Sydney H. Gallwey. Cloak-and-dagger railroad in Tompkins County, (N.Y.) Ithaca, New York : S.H. Gallwey, 1963
• Marjory Allen Perez. Final stop, liberty! : the Surreptitious Railroad experience in Wayne County, New York. S.l. : Herons Bend Productions, c2017. FHL 974.787 H6p
• Susan Stessin-Cohn and Ashley Hurlburt-Biagini, In defiance : runaways from slavery in New York'southward Hudson River Valley, 1735-1831 Delmar, New York : Black Dome Press Corp., 2016 FHL 974.7 H6c

Ohio

• Margaret A. Parker, written and compiled, The underground railroad of Meigs Canton, Ohio. Pomeroy, Ohio : Meigs County Historical Guild, c2007. FHL 977.199 H2p

Pennsylvania

• William J. Switala. "Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania." Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. FHL 974.8 F2sw
• R.C. Smedley. " History of the Hush-hush Railroad: in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania." reprint. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2005.
• Frances Deject Taylor. The trackless trail : the story of the Underground Railroad in Kennett Foursquare, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding community. Kennett Foursquare, Pennsylvania : F.C. Taylor, c1976. FHL 974.813/K2 F2ta

Vermont

• Wilbur Henry Siebert. "Vermont's anti-slavery and underground railroad record, with a map and illustrations." reprint. (New York, 1969) FHL 974.3 H2si

Athenaeum and Libraries [edit | edit source]

Ohio Historical Society

• Wilbur H. Siebert Collection MSS 116 AV

Historical Society of Pennsylvania

• Uncovering William Still'due south Hole-and-corner Railroad - Digital History Project

Harvard Library

• Wilbur Henry Siebert collection relating to the Underground Railroad and avoiding slaves. Collection Identifier MS AM 2420

Indiana Department of Natural Resource

• Wilbur Siebert Underground Railroad Index

Additional Sources

• Harriett Tubman was a woman of remarkable skill, decision, and dedication. She was a "conductor" for the Underground Railroad where she assisted runaway slaves to find liberty not only in the northern U.S. but all the way to Canada.
• Dorothy Sterling. Liberty train : the story of Harriet Tubman.Garden City, New York : Doubleday, 1954. FHL 921.73 T79s

At that place was a notable community in Nova Scotia. Some of the newly gratis slaves would intermingle with Canadian Indians, as they often did in the U.Southward. Don't ignore Canada when looking for your African American ancestors! Check out this site about Harriet Tubman

For more, see: Canada First Nations Genealogy Research Customs

• See routes to freedom taken by runaway slaves:  Many Rivers to Cantankerous, the African Canadian Experience

Fugitive Slave Laws [edit | edit source]

• Fugitive Slave Act of 1783
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

• Fugitive Slaves in the United States

• Stanley W. Campbell. The slave catchers : enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Constabulary, 1850-1860. Chapel Hill,North Carolina:University of Northward Carolina Press, 970. FHL 973 F2acm
• Judicial Cases

National Archives Itemize - U.s. Commune & Excursion Courts Records of Avoiding Slaves Cases

• Stovall five. Archy, a Slave. The states Circuit Court for the Northern District of California. NAID 295961
• Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1851-1863. US District Court for the District of Columbia. NAID 4306299
• Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US Commune Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278775
• Fugitive Slave Record Book, 1850-1860. US Commune Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278889
• Law Case Files,1837-1911. U.Southward. Excursion Courtroom for the Southern (Detroit) Segmentation of the Eastern District of Michigan. NAID 2814290
• Records Relating to Fugitive Slaves, 10.17.1837-4.30.1860. U.Southward. Excursion Court for the Southern District of New York. NAID 278341
• Avoiding Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. NAID 279005

National Archives at New York Metropolis

• Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook. National Archives at New York City

FamilySearch Wiki Coverage Table

• Fugitive Slave Police force Court Records - Maryland - National Archives Catalog
• Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - New York and Pennsylvania - National Archives Itemize

FamilySearch Catalog

• Helen Honor Tunnicliff Catterall. Judicial cases concerning American slavery and the Negro. v volumes. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926 reprint. New York, New York : Negro Universities Press, 1968. FHL Digital Books

Runaway Enslaved Advertisments [edit | edit source]

Online Websites

• North Carolina Slave Advertisments, 1751-1865
• Liberty on the Movement - Cornell University
• Louisiana Runaway Slave Advertisments,1836-1865
• Geography of Slavery, in Virginia, 1736-1803
• Library of Congress - Fugitive Slvae Ads - Tpoics in Chronicling America
• Texas Runaway Slave Projection - Stephen F. Austin State University

Publications

• John Hope Franklin ; Loren Schweninger. Runaway slaves : rebels on the plantation. Oxford, England : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, ©1999.
• compiled by Lathan A. Windley, comp. Runaway slave advertisements : a documentary history from the 1730s to 1790. four volumes. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press, c1983. FHL 975 F2wL
• Freddie 50. Parker. Running for freedom : slave runaways in North Carolina, 1775-1840.New York, New York : Garland Pub. Co., 1993. FHL 975.vi H6p

Family History Library Catalog

• Alabama. Mobile County. Tape book of run-away slaves; 1857-1865; index, 1857-1865.
• Billy 1000. Smith. Delinquent slave advertisements of the Pennsylvania Gazette & alphabetize, 1740-1 776

Emigration to Liberia [edit | edit source]

Republic of liberia History

• Recommended Website: 'African-Americans to Liberia, 1820-1904,' past Michael Hait, African American Genealogy Examiner.
• Liberia,Monrovia,Demography, 1843 FamilySearch Historical Records

American Colonization Society Sources

• Wikipedia. American Colonization Gild

Library of Congress

• Library of Congress. American Colonization Club
• American Colonization Guild Records
• Finding Aid: Collection Summary

State Sources

• Maryland Historical Society. American Colonization Club/Liberia Drove
• Maryland Historical Society. Maryland Country Colonization Society Papers, 1827-1871. MS 571
• New York State Colonization Club Records, 1849-1968. New York Public Library - Athenaeum & Manuscripts

National Archives

• Letters Received Relating to African Colonization, one/5/1819 - 3/10/1841. National Archives Itemize. NAID 1786936
• Letters Sent Relating to African Colonization, 1/17/1820 - 1858, National Archives Itemize. NAID 1768603

Publications

• Early on Lee Pull a fast one on. The American Colonization Society, 1817-1840. 1919 reprint.New York, New York : AMS Press, 1971
• Tom Westward. Shick. Emigrants to Liberia, 1820 to 1843, an alphabetical list.Newark, Delaware : University of Delaware Department of Anthropology & Liberian Studies Association in America, 1971. FHL 966.62 W2e
• Tom W. Shick. Behold the promised land : a history of Afro-American settler gild in nineteenth-century Liberia. Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. FHL 966.62 H2s
• Eric Burin. Slavery and the peculiar solution : a history of the American Colonization Guild. Gainesville, Florida : University Press of Florida, 2005. FHL 973 C4be
• Richard L. Hall. "On Africa's Shore." A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857. Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Historical Society, 2003. FHL 966.62 H2d
• Penelope Campbell. Maryland in Africa: the Maryland Colonization Society,1831-1857.Urbana, Illinois : Academy of Illinois Press, 1971. FHL 966.half-dozen H2c
• Maryland. Report of the Select Committee, to Whom was Referred the Subject of the Removal of the Complimentary Colored Population from Charles County.
• Marie Tyler-McGraw. An African republic : blackness & white Virginians in the making of Liberia. Chapel Loma, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, c2007. FHL 966.62 H2t
• Claude A. Clegg, III. The Price of Freedom : African Americans and the making of Liberia.Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Printing, ©2004 FHL 966.62 H2c

Migration within the United States [edit | edit source]

Slave Populations before the Ceremonious War

By 1790, well-nigh all Africans to be imported to the U.s.a. had already arrived. They lived in primarily iv states.

• Virginia—293,000
• Due south Carolina—107,000
• Maryland—103,000
• N Carolina—101,000
• No other land had more than 30,000 enslaved people.

Between 1820 and 1860, huge increases in slave population occurred across the South. Slave populations in 1860 are listed below:

• Virginia—491,000
• Georgia—462,000
• Mississippi—437,000
• Alabama—435,000
• South Carolina—402,000
• Louisiana—332,000
• Due north Carolina—331,000
• Tennessee—275,000
• Kentucky—225,000
• Texas—183,000
• Missouri—115,000
• Arkansas—111,000

Migration after the Civil State of war
Between 1790 and 1900, 90% of African Americans lived in the South.
By 1960, 50% of African Americans lived in the Due south.

• 100,000 African Americans moved to Kansas in late 1870's, early 1880's
• 500,000 African Americans left the south during WWI (1916-1919)
• 90,000 to Pennsylvania
• 73,000 to Illinois
• 43,000 to Michigan

• ane million African Americans left the Southward in the 1920'southward
• 5 million African Americans left the S between 1940-1960
• During 1970's, African Americans started returning to the South, particularly to larger, urban cities.
• By 1990, 84% of African Americans lived in urban areas.
• Meet Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940past Spencer Crew.

Enslaved in the N
By 1800, approximately 37,000 northern blacks were nonetheless reported in bondage. By 1830, well-nigh northern states had required freeing of slaves although iii,600 people remained in chains, mostly in New Bailiwick of jersey.

Gratuitous Blacks
In 1860, there were 488,000 gratuitous blacks or about 10% of full African Americans in the U.S.

• 46% of costless blacks (226,000) lived in North and West
• 46% lived in upper Due south (KY, MD, MO, TN, VA, NC, DC)
• eight% lived in deep South

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Source: https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/African_American_Migration

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